Centre State Relations :: Dhyeya IAS UDAAN

Central Government: President (Nominal Head), Prime Minister (Real Executive), Parliament (Lok Sabha + Rajya Sabha), Supreme Court.
State Government: Governor (Nominal Head), Chief Minister (Real Executive), State Legislature (Vidhan Sabha + Vidhan Parishad in some states), High Court.
Unitary Features: Single Constitution, Single Citizenship, All-India Services (IAS, IPS), Emergency Provisions.
Federal Features: Division of Powers (Seventh Schedule), Independent Judiciary, Bicameralism (Rajya Sabha represents states).

Union List (100 subjects) – Parliament makes laws (e.g., Defense, Foreign Affairs, Railways, Banking).
State List (66 subjects) – State legislatures make laws (e.g., Police, Agriculture, Public Health).
Concurrent List (47 subjects) – Both can legislate, but Union law prevails in case of conflict (e.g., Education, Forests, Criminal Law).
Residuary Powers: Union Parliament legislates on matters not mentioned in any list (e.g., Cyber Laws).

President’s Role: Supreme Commander, Appoints Governors, Can Dissolve State Assembly (Art. 356 – President’s Rule).
Governor’s Role: Appointed by President, Executes State Laws, Can Reserve Bills for President.
Centre Can Direct States: (Art. 256 & 257) Compliance with Union laws.