Politics in India Since Independence

Introduction

After gaining independence on 15th August 1947, India embarked on the journey of nation-building, democracy, economic development, and social reforms. The newly independent country faced major challenges such as partition, integration of princely states, economic crisis, and political stability. Over the years, India witnessed significant political transformations – from one-party dominance to coalition governments, emergency, economic reforms, and social movements.

1. Challenges After Independence (1947-1952)

(a) Partition and Refugee Crisis

• India was divided into India & Pakistan → led to mass migration (~15 million people) & communal violence.
• Rehabilitation of refugees from Pakistan was a big challenge.

(b) Integration of Princely States

• British left ~565 princely states to decide whether to join India or Pakistan.
• Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel (Iron Man of India) led the integration using diplomacy & military action.
• Key events:
  • Hyderabad (Operation Polo, 1948) – Nizam’s resistance crushed.
  • Junagadh (1947) – Joined India after a plebiscite.
  • Kashmir (1947) – Joined India after Pakistan’s invasion; led to India-Pakistan War (1947-48).

(c) Making of the Indian Constitution (1950)

• Dr. B.R. Ambedkar led the drafting of the Constitution, which was adopted on 26th January 1950.
• Key Features:
  • Federal structure (Centre + State governments).
  • Parliamentary democracy (Elections every 5 years).
  • Fundamental Rights & Duties